METABOLISME
Makhluk multiseluler, baik manusia, hewan, maupun tumbuhan tersusun atas jutaan sel. Tiap sel memiliki fungsi tertentu untuk kelangsungan hidup suatu organisme. Untuk menjalankan fungsinya, sel melakukan proses metabolisme. Metabolisme adalah reaksi-reaksi kimia yang terjadi di dalam sel. Reaksi kimia ini akan mengubah suatu zat menjadi zat lain.
Metabolisme terdiri atas dua proses sebagai berikut.
1. Anabolisme
Anabolisme adalah proses-proses penyusunan energi kimia melalui sintesis senyawa-senyawa organik.
2. Katabolisme
Katabolisme adalah proses penguraian dan pembebasan energi dari senyawa-senyawa organik melalui proses respirasi. Semua reaksi tersebut dikatalisis oleh enzim, baik oleh reaksi yang sederhana maupun reaksi yang rumit.
Atau dengan pengertian ain:
Anabolisme adalah pembentukan molekul-molekul kompleks dari molekul sederhana, contoh fotosintesis.
Katabolisme adalah penguraian molekul-molekul kompleks menjadi molekul-molekul sederhana, contoh respirasi.
Metabolisme juga berperan mengubah zat yang beracunmenjadi senyawa yang tak beracun dan dapat dikeluarkan dari tubuh. Proses ini disebut detoksifikasi. Umumnya, hasil akhir anabolisme merupakan senyawa pemula untuk proses katabolisme. Hal itu disebabkan sebagian besar proses metabolisme terjadi di dalam sel. Mekanisme masuk dan keluarnya zat kimia melalui membran sel mempunyai arti penting dalam mempertahankan keseimbangan energi dan materi dalam tubuh. Proses sintesis dan penguraian berlangsung dalam berbagai jalur metabolisme. Adapun hasil reaksi tiap tahap metabolisme merupakan senyawa pemula dari tahap reaksi berikutnya.
Proses metabolisme yang terjadi di dalam sel makhluk hidup seperti pada tumbuhan dan manusia, melibatkan sebagian besar enzim (katalisator) baik berlangsung secara sintesis (anabolisme) dan respirasi (katabolisme). Apa peran enzim di dalam reaksi kimia yang terjadi di dalam sel? Pada saat berlangsungnya peristiwa reaksi biokimia di dalam sel, enzim bekerja secara spesifik. Enzim mempercepat reaksi kimia yang menghasilkan senyawa ATP dan senyawa-senyawa lain yang berenergi tinggi seperti pada proses respirasi, fotosintesis, kemosintesis, sintesis protein, dan lemak.
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